第一次十字军东征前教皇乌尔班二世的演讲（英文带机翻）

请客观理性正视宗教历史。尤其是涉及到战争与杀戮的历史，十字军东征的战争性质即使在如今的天主教内部也早有定论，历史人物的言论请理性看待，转载本文仅作科普用此次演讲在克莱蒙地，于1095年11月的宗教会议上发表当时东罗马帝国受到东方伊斯兰势力的威胁，罗马皇帝阿莱克修斯一世向西方教会求助。届时东方以君士坦丁堡为中心的东正教会与西方以罗马为中心的天主教会已经分裂近半个世纪，天主教教皇乌尔班意图通过发起十字军东征树立西方教会的领导地位，借机再度控制东方以东罗马为主的东正教地区的宗教主导权。由此开启了长达将近两百年的以耶路撒冷——耶稣身亡之地为目的中东地区十字军运动。而十字军运动在中东失败后仍然在中世纪乃至后来几百年时有出现。2022年9月3日17点38记；之前的机翻版本出现了段落文本重复问题，现在使用deepL进行了重新翻译，该问题已解决文中提到的“罗马尼亚”指的是希腊帝国（东罗马帝国），并非现在名为“罗马尼亚”的国家机翻中文版：最亲爱的弟兄们。迫于形势，我，乌尔班，在上帝的允许下，作为全世界的首席主教和教长，带着对你们这些上帝的仆人的神圣告诫，来到了这些地方。我希望能发现你们像我想象的那样忠诚和热心地侍奉上帝。但是，如果你们身上有任何违背神的律法的畸形或弯曲，在神的帮助下，我将尽我所能去掉它。因为神已经把你们作为他家庭的管家，来服侍他。如果他发现你忠于你的管家，你就会很高兴。你们被称为牧羊人，要注意不要像雇工那样行事。要做真正的牧羊人，手里常拿着钩子。不要睡觉，要四面看守交托你们的羊群。因为如果因为你的粗心或疏忽，狼叼走了你的一只羊，你一定会失去神为你预备的赏赐。在你为你的过错而痛苦地受到责备之后，你将在地狱中被激烈地压倒，那是死亡的居所。因为根据福音书，你们是地上的盐[马太福音5:13]。但是，如果你在你的职责上做得不够好，可能会问，怎么能把它弄咸呢？哦，多么需要加盐啊! 你们确实有必要用智慧的盐来纠正这群愚昧的人，他们是如此专注于这个世界的快乐，以免当主想对他们说话时，发现他们的罪没有加盐而发臭。因为如果他发现虫子，也就是罪，在他们身上，因为你疏忽了你的职责，他将命令他们作为无价值的东西被扔进不干净的东西的深渊。因为你不能向他恢复他的巨大损失，他一定会谴责你，把你从他的慈爱面前赶走。但是，应用这盐的人应该是谨慎的、有准备的、谦虚的、有学问的、和平的、警惕的、虔诚的、公正的、公平的、纯洁的。因为无知的人怎么能教导别人？放荡的人怎么能使别人谦虚呢？不洁的人怎么能使别人纯洁呢？如果有人讨厌和平，他怎么能使别人和平呢？若有人用卑贱玷污了自己的手，怎么能洗净别人的污秽呢？我们还读到，如果瞎子领着瞎子，两个人都会掉进沟里[马太福音15：14]。但你们要先改正自己，以便在没有责备的情况下，能够改正那些受你们约束的人。如果你们想成为上帝的朋友，就应该高兴地做你们知道会使他高兴的事情。你们尤其要让所有与教会有关的事情都受教会的律法控制。你们要小心，不要让私通在你们中间生根，免得买的和卖的[教会职位]都被主的鞭子打过狭窄的街道，赶到毁灭和混乱的地方。要使教会和各等级的神职人员完全不受世俗权力的影响。要看到属于上帝的什一税从所有土地上的产品中忠实地支付；不要出售或扣留它们。如果有人抢夺主教，就把他当作逃犯对待。如果有人抓住或抢劫僧侣，或神职人员，或尼姑，或他们的仆人，或朝圣者，或商人，让他被诅咒[也就是被诅咒]。让强盗和焚烧者以及他们所有的同伙被驱逐出教会，并被诅咒。如果一个人不把自己的部分财产作为施舍，就会受到地狱的惩罚，那么，抢劫他人财产的人应该受到怎样的惩罚？因为福音书[路加福音16:19]中的富人就是这样；他受到惩罚不是因为他偷了别人的东西，而是因为他没有好好使用属于他的东西。

"你们已经看到这些罪行在世界范围内造成的巨大混乱，已经有很长一段时间了。我被告知，在你们的一些省份，情况是如此糟糕，你们在司法方面也是如此薄弱，以至于人们无论白天还是晚上走在路上，都会受到强盗的袭击；无论在国内还是国外，人们都面临着被武力或欺诈掠夺的危险。因此，有必要重新执行我们的圣父们很久以前宣布的休战，就像通常所说的那样。我劝告并要求你们每个人都要努力争取在你们的教区保持休战。如果有人被他的贪婪或傲慢所引导，破坏了这一休战，根据上帝的权威和本会的批准，他将被诅咒。"

在这些问题和其他各种问题得到处理后，所有在场的人，包括神职人员和民众，都感谢上帝，并同意教皇的提议。他们都忠实地保证遵守这些法令。然后教皇说，在世界的另一个地方，基督教正在遭受一种比刚才提到的更糟糕的状况。他继续说道。

"神的儿子们啊，虽然你们已经比以往任何时候都更坚定地承诺保持你们之间的和平，维护教会的权利，但仍有一项重要的工作需要你们去做。在神圣的纠正下，你们必须把你们公义的力量用于另一件与你们和上帝有关的事情上。因为你们住在东方的弟兄们迫切需要你们的帮助，你们必须赶紧给他们经常应允的援助。因为，你们中的大多数人都听说了，土耳其人和阿拉伯人已经袭击了他们，并征服了罗马尼亚[希腊帝国]的领土，最西边到了地中海沿岸和被称为圣乔治之臂的赫勒斯滂。他们占领了那些基督徒越来越多的土地，并在七次战役中战胜了他们。他们杀害和俘虏了许多人，摧毁了教堂，破坏了帝国。如果你允许他们这样不纯洁地持续一段时间，上帝的信徒将受到他们更广泛的攻击。为此，我，或者说是主，恳求你们作为基督的传令官，到处发布这个消息，并说服所有的人，不管是什么级别的人，步兵和骑士，穷人和富人，迅速向那些基督徒提供援助，并从我们朋友的土地上消灭这个卑鄙的种族。我这话是对在场的人说的，也是对不在场的人说的。此外，基督也命令我们这样做。

"所有死在路上的人，无论是从陆路还是从海路，或者是在与异教徒的战斗中，都将立即获得罪孽的赦免。我通过我被赋予的上帝的力量授予他们这个权利。如果这样一个被鄙视的、卑贱的、崇拜魔鬼的种族，要征服一个拥有全能的上帝的信仰、以基督的名字为荣的民族，那是多么大的耻辱啊! 如果你们不帮助那些和我们一样信奉基督教的人，主会用怎样的责备来压迫我们！让那些习惯了的人，用他们的名字来称呼我们。让那些习惯于不公正地对信徒发动私人战争的人，现在去对付异教徒，以胜利结束这场早就应该开始的战争。让那些长期以来一直是强盗的人，现在成为骑士。让那些一直与兄弟和亲属作战的人，现在以适当的方式与野蛮人作战。让那些为了小钱而充当雇佣兵的人，现在获得永恒的回报。让那些在身体和灵魂上一直疲于奔命的人，现在为双重荣誉而努力。看哪！这一边是忧伤和贫穷的人，那一边是富有的人；这一边是主的敌人，那一边是主的朋友。让那些去的人不要耽搁行程，而是要租下他们的土地，为他们的费用筹集资金；一旦冬天过去，春天到来，就让他们急切地踏上以上帝为向导的道路。"

英文版：Most beloved brethren: Urged by necessity, I, Urban, by the permission of God chief bishop and prelate over the whole world, have come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition to you, the servants of God. I hoped to find you as faithful and as zealous in the service of God as I had supposed you to be. But if there is in you any deformity or crookedness contrary to God's law, with divine help I will do my best to remove it. For God has put you as stewards over his family to minister to it. Happy indeed will you be if he finds you faithful in your stewardship. You are called shepherds; see that you do not act as hirelings. But be true shepherds, with your crooks always in your hands. Do not go to sleep, but guard on all sides the flock committed to you. For if through your carelessness or negligence a wolf carries away one of your sheep, you will surely lose the reward laid up for you with God. And after you have been bitterly scourged with remorse for your faults-, you will be fiercely overwhelmed in hell, the abode of death. For according to the gospel you are the salt of the earth [Matt. 5:13]. But if you fall short in your duty, how, it may be asked, can it be salted? O how great the need of salting! It is indeed necessary for you to correct with the salt of wisdom this foolish people which is so devoted to the pleasures of this -world, lest the Lord, when He may wish to speak to them, find them putrefied by their sins unsalted and stinking. For if He, shall find worms, that is, sins, In them, because you have been negligent in your duty, He will command them as worthless to be thrown into the abyss of unclean things. And because you cannot restore to Him His great loss, He will surely condemn you and drive you from His loving presence. But the man who applies this salt should be prudent, provident, modest, learned, peaceable, watchful, pious, just, equitable, and pure. For how can the ignorant teach others? How can the licentious make others modest>? And how can the impure make others pure? If anyone hates peace, how can he make others peaceable ? Or if anyone has soiled his hands with baseness, how can he cleanse the impurities of another? We read also that if the blind lead the blind, both will fall into the ditch [Matt. 15:14]. But first correct yourselves, in order that, free from blame , you may be able to correct those who are subject to you. If you wish to be the friends of God, gladly do the things which you know will please Him. You must especially let all matters that pertain to the church be controlled by the law of the church. And be careful that simony does not take root among you, lest both those who buy and those who sell [church offices] be beaten with the scourges of the Lord through narrow streets and driven into the place of destruction and confusion. Keep the church and the clergy in all its grades entirely free from the secular power. See that the tithes that belong to God are faithfully paid from all the produce of the land; let them not be sold or withheld. If anyone seizes a bishop let him be treated as an outlaw. If anyone seizes or robs monks, or clergymen, or nuns, or their servants, or pilgrims, or merchants, let him be anathema [that is, cursed]. Let robbers and incendiaries and all their accomplices be expelled from the church and anthematized. If a man who does not give a part of his goods as alms is punished with the damnation of hell, how should he be punished who robs another of his goods? For thus it happened to the rich man in the gospel [Luke 16:19]; he was not punished because he had stolen the goods of another, but because he had not used well the things which were his."You have seen for a long time the great disorder in the world caused by these crimes. It is so bad in some of your provinces, I am told, and you are so weak in the administration of justice, that one can hardly go along the road by day or night without being attacked by robbers; and whether at home or abroad one is in danger of being despoiled either by force or fraud. Therefore it is necessary to reenact the truce, as it is commonly called, which was proclaimed a long time ago by our holy fathers. I exhort and demand that you, each, try hard to have the truce kept in your diocese. And if anyone shall be led by his cupidity or arrogance to break this truce, by the authority of God and with the sanction of this council he shall be anathematized."After these and various other matters had been attended to, all who were present, clergy and people, gave thanks to God and agreed to the pope's proposition. They all faithfully promised to keep the decrees. Then the pope said that in another part of the world Christianity was suffering from a state of affairs that was worse than the one just mentioned. He continued:"Although, O sons of God, you have promised more firmly than ever to keep the peace among yourselves and to preserve the rights of the church, there remains still an important work for you to do. Freshly quickened by the divine correction, you must apply the strength of your righteousness to another matter which concerns you as well as God. For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. For, as the most of you have heard, the Turks and Arabs have attacked them and have conquered the territory of Romania [the Greek empire] as far west as the shore of the Mediterranean and the Hellespont, which is called the Arm of St. George. They have occupied more and more of the lands of those Christians, and have overcome them in seven battles. They have killed and captured many, and have destroyed the churches and devastated the empire. If you permit them to continue thus for awhile with impurity, the faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it."All who die by the way, whether by land or by sea, or in battle against the pagans, shall have immediate remission of sins. This I grant them through the power of God with which I am invested. O what a disgrace if such a despised and base race, which worships demons, should conquer a people which has the faith of omnipotent God and is made glorious with the name of Christ! With what reproaches will the Lord overwhelm us if you do not aid those who, with us, profess the Christian religion! Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor. Behold! on this side will be the sorrowful and poor, on that, the rich; on this side, the enemies of the Lord, on that, his friends. Let those who go not put off the journey, but rent their lands and collect money for their expenses; and as soon as winter is over and spring comes, let hem eagerly set out on the way with God as their guide."